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Less common green crops, care, features

Малораспространенные зеленные культурыWatercress (Lepidium sativum). Seeds germinate most quickly at a temperature of 18-20°C. The temperature for growth should be around 15-18°C. The plant does not tolerate a short day, at 8-12 hour days the growth of stems slows down by 5-20 days. Quite capricious to light and moisture. He also likes a high nitrogen content in the soil, at high rates of which vegetative growth increases and the transition to flowering slows down by 7-10 days.

Three varieties are registered in the Russian register: Vest (UNIIOiB), Dansky (Moravosid) and Azhur (R.A. Komarova). All for protected ground, are resistant to stalk, strong rosette and high marketability. Azhur should be recognized as the best among the three named.

In conditions III - a light zone with an early sowing date - the beginning of February, late - the first days of September. Precision planters are used for sowing with row spacing of 10-15 cm and 2-3 cm inside the row. Seeding rate is 0.5-1.2 g/m2. It is necessary to be careful that there is no thickening in order to avoid damage by the black leg, stretching of plants and an early transition to flowering and a decrease in marketability of products and yields as a result of this.

When leaving, the most important component of obtaining high-quality products is the temperature regime. In no case should overheating be allowed, otherwise there will be stretching of plants, a premature transition to flowering, coarsening of leaves and excessive sharpness. At temperatures above 18 ° C, watercress pampers and is poorly stored. At temperatures below 10°C, growth is greatly retarded. The optimal air temperature regime is as follows: 20-22°C day and night before germination, with mass germination, the temperature is reduced to 12-14°C during the day and 10-12°C at night for 7-10 days, then the temperature is raised again to 16-18 ° C during the day and 14-15 ° C at night. The optimum soil temperature is 15-18°C. RHV 65-75%. PPV 65-75%.

The growing period when sowing in February is 45 days, and about 30 days in other periods. The yield is 0.8-1.0 kg/m2. The best time to harvest the plants is in the early morning, and they are usually uprooted for better storage and transport. Shelf life at 0.5°C up to two weeks.

Salad mustard (Brassica juncea). From the point of view of biology and cultivation technique, it is similar to Beijing cabbage. But unlike it, it is weakly susceptible to damage by a marginal burn. At the moment, there are three varieties suitable for growing in protected ground: Volnushka (VNIISSOK), Ladushka (R.A. Komarova) and Charming (R.A. Komarova). The variety Ladushka is especially worth noting, as it has slightly pubescent leaves, a sign that strongly affects the sale of products. Of particular note is the high shade tolerance of mustard, so in our experiment, when sowing on September 10 without additional illumination and harvesting on December 1, the yield was 2.1-2.6 kg/m2, depending on the sample, and for lettuce it was less than 1.0 kg/m2. In addition, mustard did not have plants affected by rot, unlike lettuce.

In the winter-spring period, the growing period is 60 days, and 80 days if planted in winter or autumn. Productivity is 2.8-3.3 kg/m2.

Малораспространенные зеленные культуры

Basil (Ocimum basilicum). Seed germination occurs after 6-7 days at a temperature of 30-35. The optimum air temperature for growth is 25-30°C, at temperatures below 18°C growth is greatly slowed down and the risk of root rot, especially Fusarium, increases. Most of the varieties are neutral to the length of the day. Culture is very demanding on lighting. Prefers good uniform moisture, but does not tolerate excess, as this leads to a decrease in aromaticity and Fusarium damage. With regard to nutrients, it is necessary to provide the plant with sufficient amounts of potassium and phosphorus and to prevent excess nitrogen in the soil, which leads to a decrease in aromaticity and Fusarium damage. It should also be noted that dyed varieties have higher light and heat requirements and are more susceptible to Fusarium.

In our country, there has traditionally been a demand for colored varieties, despite their "finicky". At the moment, new varieties are of interest for industrial cultivation: Sharm (R.A. Komarova) and Osmin (Quedlinburg Zaatzucht), which are distinguished by greater cold resistance, less susceptibility to Fusarium and high marketability. Of the old varieties, Peple Raffles and Dark Opal have proven themselves well.

The beginning of sowing works - not earlier than mid-February, completion - mid-August. Sowing work is carried out with precision seed drills with row spacing of 10-15 cm and within a row of 4-6 cm. Harvesting is continuous. If the collection is made by cutting, then the basil must be grown through seedlings. For this, cassettes 3-5x3-5 cm are used and planted to a depth of 0.5 cm. Until the first shoots appear, the temperature should be kept at 25 ° C, and reduced to 22-24 ° C with the appearance of the first sunrises. Seedlings are kept until the first leaves appear. The planting scheme differs depending on the type of planting, on the expected yield size and variety, and is 10-20x15-25 cm. The temperature regime for growing basil is 22-24 ° C in the air and 20-22 ° C in the soil. If cutting is performed, then after the rows have closed, it is necessary to stop watering, increase ventilation and harvest as early as possible, otherwise a mass defeat by Fusarium is possible. In February, the growing period is 60 days, later - 50-60 days, depending on the variety. The collection begins before the onset of budding, after the stage of budding, the content of essential oil in basil increases, but the rough stem of such a plant makes it suitable only for drying. Plants are harvested in the morning by pulling them out by the roots for better storage and transportation. With a single harvest, the yield is 2.0 kg/m2.

Purslane (Portulaca oleracea). The temperature for normal seed germination is 22-28°C (seedlings appear on the 3rd-5th day), for growth 24-30°C. Light-loving short day plant. With a long day, there is an increase in leaf size, branching and an increase in yield. Seeds are kept in the dark until germination. The optimal reaction of the soil solution is neutral or slightly alkaline.

Growing technology has much in common with growing basil. For industrial cultivation, only the Yellow variety is of interest (the Russian analogue of the Paradox variety (Gavrish)). Productivity is from 1.5 to 2.5 kg/m2.

Малораспространенные зеленные культуры

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea). The optimum temperature for germination is 4°C, at 15°C the ability to germinate decreases, and at 30°C it is completely suppressed. The optimum temperature for growth is 15-18°C. During germination, seeds are extremely sensitive to high temperatures, lack of water and oxygen. A plant of a long day, but there are differences in varieties, the later the ripening period of the variety, the more sensitively it reacts to the length of the day. The culture is demanding for moisture. Does not tolerate dry air. The optimal pH value is 6.6-7.0. Extremely demanding on the content of easily digestible nitrogen.

At present, only Subito (Rijk Zwaan) is suitable for protected ground.

Sowing begins in February. Before this, water-charging irrigation is carried out. Sowing is done with precision seeders with row spacing of 15-20 cm, to a depth of 2 cm. Seeding rate is 6-9 g/m2. Before sunrise, the temperature should be 10-12°C, with the emergence of seedlings, the temperature is reduced to 6-8°C for 7-8 days during the day and 4-6°C at night, this is done to prevent stretching of the hypocotyl knee, then the temperature is raised again to 14-16°C in clear weather and up to 10-12°C in cloudy weather, at night the temperature regime is 6-8°C. Soil moisture is kept at the level of 50-65% of the FPV. VA air humidity 70-75%, with mandatory ventilation.

In addition to agrotechnical measures in the cultivation of spinach, there is a need for measures to reduce the amount of nitrates in products, such as the use of potassium fertilizers in the form of chlorides, abundant watering before harvesting and increasing the cutting height to reduce the proportion of petioles in the crop.

The growing period is about 40 days. In February - early March, the harvest is at the level of 1.5 - 2.5 kg / m2, in April - May 3.5 - 4.5 kg / m2. Harvesting begins in the early morning. First, the cut outlet is cleaned of unusable leaves, and then placed in boxes or packed in plastic bags. To prevent mold, products going to storage must be dry. Shelf life at 0°C up to 8 days.

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum). Seeds germinate at 8-10°C. Light-loving plant of a long day, demanding on moisture.

To date, the following varieties can be recommended: Stimulus, Pervenets and Krylatsky Semko (Semko). Among foreign varieties, European Fine Lived and Caraibe (Bejo Zaden) are of interest. Varieties of technical orientation are usually not used in production, as they are not sufficiently aligned and quickly move to the stalking phase.

Technology, growing period and yield are the same as when growing dill. Seeding rate 7 - 10 g/m2. The temperature regime in clear weather is 17-18°С, in cloudy weather - 15-16°С, at night 12-14°С. PPV 80%.

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